Magnesium deficiency is manifested by numerous changes outlined here:

* Alteration of potassium and calcium levels
* Spasmophilia
* Blockage of the parathyroid (do worse if absorbed vitamin D and calcioterapia)
* Tetany
* Spasms
* Tremor
* Seizures, neuromuscular irritability
* Sympathetic disorders, cardiovascular accidents
* Thrombosis
* Terrain favorable to cancer
* Fatigue
* Depression
* Change in the E.C.G. (Similar to potassium deficiency)
* Agitation
* Confusion
* Irritability
* Concern
* Dizziness
* Excessively abrupt responses (hyperreflexia)
* Disorientation
* Emotional lability
* Sometimes hyporeflexia
* Arrhythmia
* Heart failure
* Muscle twitching
* Choreiform movements
* Positive signs and Tousseau Chrostek
* Vasodilation
* Arthritis
* Alopecia
* Glomerular and tubular necrosis
* Injury periportal hepatocellular degeneration
* Neuromuscular hypersensitivity.

Magnesium deficiency usually occurs when there are shortages of calcium and potassium (when the serum magnesium falls below 1 mEq / liter).

PHYSIOLOGY

* Involved in the metabolism of carbohydrates. Glycolytic enzymes active process, to oxidize glucose (phosphorylation suburbs). Activates many enzymes such as alkaline phosphatase, hexokinase, fructokinase, creatinine, phosphorylases, diphosphopyridine and phosphoglucomutase.
* Spoke in protein metabolism as a coenzyme in the synthesis that occurs in the cellular ribosome.
* Also taking part in the transfer of methyl groups (transmethylation) and the activation of formate. Cofactor in the carboxylation des reactions.
* Magnesium decreases central nervous system excitability. Participates with phosphorus in the reconstruction of nerve substance and its metabolism. Specific actions consist of magnesium inhibit the release of acetylcholine and counteract the oxidizing effect of potassium ions at the Endplate.
* Magnesium is the second cation of the intracellular environment has a fundamental participation in the electrolytic cell activity in the acid-base and redox phenomena. Play a key role in cellular respiration and cellular exchanges.
* The MG is essentially an intracellular catalyst and phosphorylases and phosphatases involved in the catalysis of ATP.
* Has stimulating action on intestinal peristalsis.
* Deodorizes feces.
* Regulates phosphocalcic ossification and balance. It is essential for calcium is set where it should not be deposited in the form of calculations. Regulates calcium levels by indirect action on the parathyroid. Decreases the solubility of calcium phosphate and increases the solubility of calcium carbonate.
* It is an internal and external antiseptic.
* It has anti-inflammatory and anti-infective action. It stimulates phagocytosis and is indispensable for the action of antibodies.
* The anti-inflammatory action has been extensively investigated by animal experimentation Delbet. We can say that generally increases the body’s defensive reactions against infectious attacks.
* Improved resilience to stress, cold, trauma, surgery. Improves mental function and resistance to fatigue. The hiperemotividad, anxiety and insomnia produce a discharge of intracellular magnesium.
* Rebalances the psyche and the vegetative system.
* You vagolytic action.
* It reduces the alkalinity of the blood and urine acidification.
* Increases resistance to avitaminosis C.
* For the magnesium into cells is essential that there pyridoxine or vitamin B6.
* It has pathophysiological significance in diabetic acidosis.
* It is important for normal excitability Moslem, like calcium. It stimulates the contractility of smooth muscle.
* Has an action on the circulatory system rebalancing and protective against heart attacks. Stimulates cardiac contractility. In vitro, retards blood clotting.
* It is a growth factor and a regenerator Tiul influencing anabolism.
* Increases bile secretion has colagoga and choleretic action.
* It is a hepatic drain.
* Is present in the pancreatic and intestinal juices.
* Participate in processes of anaphylaxis.
* Increases the resistance of the nails.

A psychic level, intake of magnesium produces a certain euphoria, and calm optimism, with a sense of having more energy. Reproductive activity and increases libido. Magnesium plays a key role in reactions that produce specific proteins from the genetic code. Magnesium helps to stabilize the double helix of DNA, neutralizing the charges on the phosphate groups of nucleotides which have a tendency to separate.

The selectivity of DNA replication is linked to the presence of Mg2 +, which can be incorporated into the DNA sequence of only deoxyribonucleotides. Magnesium is also involved in the preparation of RNA and RNA polymerase activity. The translation of the base sequence obtained from amino acid sequence is under the dependence of concentrations of magnesium and calcium.

NEEDS
recommended 350 mg / day for men, 300 mg / day for women, and 150 mg / day for young children.
During pregnancy and lactation the daily requirement is estimated at 400 milligrams.
A normal diet contains 200 to 400 mg / day, of which most are not absorbed and appear in the stool.

WHERE
Datil, beets, spinach, wheat, oats, potatoes, carrots, almonds, walnuts, hazelnuts, corn, barley, chestnuts, green beans, rice, cherries, orange, pear, peach, apricot, pollen.

LACK
Many authors have reported since the beginning of the century the damaging effects of a diet low in magnesium. Dr. Delbet devoted his life to studying these shortcomings. Later, many others followed this path. They have held international conferences including monographs on this subject. The role of nurturing and especially the influence of chemical fertilizers in the deficit of magnesium in soil-plant-animal-man is decisive.

There is 25 gr. magnesium in the adult. The rate increases with altitude.
Magnesium is found primarily combined with calcium and phosphorus in the complex salts of bone (70%).
The rest is distributed in plasma (1.4 to 2.5 mg / ml), primarily in red blood cells. About 80% is ionized and diffusible. The rest is bound to serum proteins.

* The muscles contain more magnesium than calcium, in contrast to the blood.
* In cells, its concentration is 15 mEq / l (milliequivalents per liter).
* The level of magnesium in the cerebrospinal fluid is higher than in serum.
* Only 45% of ingested magnesium is absorbed, 55% is excreted in the feces. It is absorbed in the small intestine and to some extent, into the stomach.
* The factors that inhibit the absorption of calcium also disrupt the magnesium: phosphate, calcium, alkalis, excess fat.
* Parathyroid hormone increases the absorption of magnesium from the intestine.
* Does not accumulate in the body.
* Excretion is by kidneys, liver, gall bladder-pancreas and gastrointestinal tract.
* The urinary excretion is relatively low because the kidney conserves magnesium efficiently. Aldosterone increases renal permeability for magnesium, as it does with the potassium to conserve sodium.
* Normally, between 60 and 120 mg. of magnesium per day are excreted in the urine.

Several factors regulate the normal excretion of magnesium

* Adrenal glands
* The parathyroid
* Pituitary
* Acid-base

With age, the body’s magnesium content tends to decrease, especially in the testicles and brain.

Fluoride is found in the body: teeth, skin, thyroid, bone, plasma, lymph, and organs. Maintains bone enamel of teeth and bones and seems to speak against osteoporosis. Affects the eye shine.
Your metabolism is altered adversely by prolonged taking steroids and tranquilizers.

NEEDS
Needs daily intake has little meaning, since it depends on water content. No specific requirements.

Where you are in the drinking water found in varying amounts, usually from one part to 10 million. Water is the main source of supply.
Artificial water fluoridation should be one part per million.
Although fluoride in food represents a small part of the contribution, is found primarily in wheat, barley, rice, apricot, grape, potato, radish, tomato, asparagus, spinach, tea.

A study published in the American Journal of Diseases of Children, number 129, on the effects of fluoride on the teeth of 500 children, conducted over 10 years, contributed the following conclusions:
- The contribution of fluoride should begin in the first 10 months of life and continued until the emergence of permanent teeth.
- If the input starts at 4 years, the incidence of permanent teeth is very weak.

Systematic fluoridation of water is questionable not only because of this fact but also because there are still unclear aspects in the metabolism of fluoride.
For example: The people of Kyoto have more fluorosis that the inhabitants of northern Japan, although they consume more water rich in fluoride. In India, malnourished areas, the fluorosis cases are more frequent and more severe with lower fluoride concentrations.

These contradictions may be related to diet and other factors such as industrial pollution, but the truth is out there and that the dose of water fluoridation is only half the dose at which notice symptoms of fluorosis.

LACK
Deficiency is usually seen in places where the water contains less than one part per million, demonstrating its lack of more frequent caries.

EXCESS
* In excess is a poison that inhibits the metabolism.
* It may cause the disease known as fluorosis.
* Generally, it is a result of excess fluoride in water and industrial pollution.
* The endemic dental fluorosis occurs in areas where natural fluoride content in water is too high. It is characterized by mottling of the enamel which is also eaten. Fluorosis results in an increase in bone density with ligamentous calcification, especially in the spine (spondylitis deformans).

This situation is produced from 10 parts per million in water, or in cases of industrial pollution. But other authors (Smith and Hodge, 1959) argue that occurs from:

2 parts per million …. teeth stains
8 ppm ……………… bone sclerosis
5 ppm ……………… Thyroid disorders
100 ppm ……………… stunting
125 ppm ……………… kidney damage

It should be noted that injuries are not immediate and may take 20 years to manifest. The rate of fluorine plasma remains constant in cases of excess.

15 minerals are required in the daily diet, six of them in large quantities and nine are called micronutrients and trace minerals are.

Mineral Commodities

* Calcium (Ca)
* Phosphorus (P)
* Magnesium (Mg)
* Sodium (Na)
* Potassium (K)
* Chloride (Cl)

Evidence or trace minerals or micronutrients:

* Iron (Fe)
* Zinc (Zn)
* Iodine (Y)
* Copper (Cu)
* Manganese (Mn)
* Fluorine (F)
* Chromium (Cr)
* Selenium (Se)
* Molybdenum (Mo)
* Sulfur and cobalt, are also essential, but there are recommended amounts.

Action, deficiency, excess. Where to find them?

LITHIUM
Lithium is a metal of the alkali family, widely distributed in nature. Lithium in the human body is at serum concentrations of 10 to 40 mcg / l. No one knows the function of lithium in the human body, unlike the function of his band mates, sodium and potassium.

NEEDS
In principle, lithium did not miss anyone. The tiny amounts of lithium that can be measured in human plasma have no known function. But lithium supplementation is already history, both in Greece and Rome, used in alkaline mineral water baths for various ailments, both physical and mental.

Lithium was used as a remedy for different diseases, so that settled pharmacological agent for bipolar disorder, also known as manic-depressive illness, whose victims alternate extreme states of euphoria (or mania) and depression that lead them to heaven and literally hell, the glow in the darkness, a celebration without limitation, to a sloughing intolerable.

PHYSIOLOGY
* Lithium has action on the nervous system.
* Acts on the rates of catecholamine, acetylcholine, gamma amino butyric acid, glutamic acid.
* Serves on various enzymatic mechanisms and the ATPase system. Appears to act on the permeability of cell membranes.
* Interferes in the electrolyte balance inside and outside the cell.
* You can modify the Ca2 + concentrations of calcium and magnesium Mg2 +.
* You can move actively to sodium outside the cell (no action on the K +).
* It seems antagonist potassium in heart disease. It is known that these increases in blood potassium.
* In atherosclerotic heart disease seems to be inversely proportional to the concentration of lithium in the water.
* It is a medication catalytic function disorders elimination (urea and drop), and that was formerly used in the form of carbonates, benzoates and silicates.
* The action of lithium has been studied for the neurotransmitters, catecholamine on rates of acetylcholine, gamma amino butyric acid and glutamic acid, as well as on various enzymatic mechanisms (lithium appears to act on the ATPase system.)
* The elimination of lithium in urine increases in manic patients. In the manic-depressive psychosis, the rate of intracellular LITHIUM (in erythrocytes) is impaired.

Observable trace element and the indicated doses (2-6 ampoules Lithium gluconate) no side effects like allopathic doses.

Vitamin B5 can prevent or used for the treatment of the following situations:

* Burning foot syndrome
* Adrenal insufficiency
* Cataracts
* Chronic fatigue and migraines
* Hiperlilipidemia (high blood lipid levels)
* Rheumatoid arthritis
* Heartburn
* Stress

Recommended daily doses of pantothenic acid
In the following table are set adequate intake of vitamin B5 according to the Department of Nutrition of the IOM (Institute of Medicine: Institute of Medicine) and USDA (United States Department of Agriculture: Department of Agriculture United States) for both infants, children and adults. mg / day: milligrams per day.

Toxicity
Pantothenic acid is not considered toxic to humans or animals. Therefore not established the maximum tolerable intake for this vitamin.
The only side effect observed was diarrhea resulting from consumption of high-dose supplements of calcium pantothenate.
The fact that adverse effects are not known does not mean that these do not exist with an excess of high doses.

Main sources
* Sources of animal origin of all foods containing vitamin animal kingdom. Anyway, those who are always having a higher ratio, such as the liver and viscera in general, white meats such as poultry and eggs.
* Power plant: yeast, broccoli, potatoes, tomatoes, mushrooms, whole grains and legumes.
* Supplements: through tablets or capsules in the form of pantethine and calcium pantothenate.

The following table states the amount of milligrams (mg) of vitamin B5 present per serving.

Deficiency or lack of pantothenic acid
With a varied and balanced diet that incorporates all food groups there is no lack or deficiency of pantothenic acid. It is seen in cases of severe malnutrition.
Historically, the lack of pantothenic acid was named player of burning foot syndrome that affected prisoners of World War II in Asia.

Pantothenic acid deficiency has been observed experimentally only in people who received an antagonist with a diet without the vitamin. The symptoms observed were headache, fatigue, insomnia, intestinal disorders such as nausea and vomiting, neurological symptoms such as parenthesis (numbness, tingling, loss of sensation) in hands and feet, hypoglycemia and increased sensitivity to insulin.

Brief Definition
Prior course as vitamin B5, pantothenic acid is necessary for the assimilation of carbohydrates, proteins and fats are essential to cell life.

It is present in most foods, although a greater proportion of animal food. Therefore vegans or total vegetarians are more likely to suffer lack.

His absence creates a decrease in cases of defense against infections, bleeding, weakness and dizziness.
Daily doses are required for children 5 mg and 10 mg for adults.

Extended Definition
Pantothenic acid is considered a water-soluble nutrient belonging to the complex of B vitamins was discovered in 1933 by Dr. Roger J. Williams from the growth of yeasts. But it was only in 1938 that Dr. Williams was able to isolate vitamin B5 liver cell.

Her name derives from the Greek word pantothen (????????) which means “everywhere.” It is present in most foods we eat. It has the advantage that gut bacteria also synthesize, hence their absence or deficiency is almost nonexistent. Pantothenic acid is vital for the synthesis and maintenance of coenzyme A (CoA), an essential component of many enzymatic processes. It works in conjunction with biotin in various metabolic processes in the body.

Features:

* It is part of coenzyme A.
* Participates in the synthesis of stress hormones (adrenaline) in the adrenal glands from cholesterol. Along with other B complex vitamins is used to improve and alleviate disorders caused by stress.
* Involved in the metabolism of proteins, carbohydrates and fats.
* It is necessary for our body to form antibodies to maintain the immune system in optimal condition.
* It is necessary for the synthesis of iron.
* Involved in the formation of insulin.
* It is important in obtaining the energy of our metabolism.
* Helps relieve symptoms of arthritis.
* Reduce stomach acid with biotin and thiamine, thus relieves gastritis, stomach ulcers and other gastric diseases.
* Helps reduce blood cholesterol levels.
* Improved some skin conditions.
* Helps reduce the symptoms of migraine.

Originally it was believed that there were 15 B-group vitamins, which with the passage of time and research, were shown as only six: Thiamin (B1), Riboflavin (B2), Niacin (B3), pyridoxine (B6), folate (Folic acid – what some call B9) and cobalamin (B12).

These compounds are believed vitamins are: adenine (B4), pantothenic acid (B5), Choline (B7), Biotin (B8), carnitine (B11), orotic acid (B13), xanthopterin (B14) and B15 (pangamic acid)

All these compounds are water soluble, and therefore of simple assimilation, metabolism and elimination. Of the vitamins considered effectively as group B, all are present in plant foods and animals other than cobalamin, and folic acid, which are absent in plant foods.

All the B vitamins are closely related, so it is mostly effective presence of the entire complex and some not in isolation.

There are many everyday consumer products that produce less absorption of vitamins to ingest them or eliminating them. Good or bad habits, it is useful to consider these reductions because most people are consuming at least one of these products.

Snuff
Consumption of snuff causes an impoverishment of the body in beta-carotene and vitamin C, and produce other problems and diseases of snuff consumption. Smoking a pack of 20 cigarettes per day doubles the daily requirement of vitamin C. There are several problems caused by the consumption of snuff, and those related to food, nutrition and oral health are explained in our health section.

Alcohol
This results in lack of B group vitamins and vitamin C. Alcohol has several effects on food, some positive and some negative, it is important to know.

Coffee and Tea
The high consumption of coffee and / or tea nutritional limits the absorption of vitamins A, folic acid (known as B9) and B12. It also limits the absorption of iron.
Excessive coffee consumption can affect calcium absorption or speeding their elimination.

Medicines
Contraceptives: With vitamins C, folic acid, B6 and B12
Antiepileptic: With vitamins D, K, folic acid and B12
Antibiotics: With vitamin B3 (or PP), B6, folic acid and B12
Antacids: In bile salts and vitamin B12
Laxatives: They impede the absorption of vitamins D and E, and interfere with the synthesis of B12

Vitamins are fragile and difficult items to keep, so care must be taken with vitamins in cooking and conservation.